Milwaukee

Milwaukee

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This article is about the city in Wisconsin. For other uses, see Milwaukee (disambiguation).

Milwaukee

—  City  —

Top: Milwaukee Skyline, Center Left Miller Park, Center Right Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist, Lower Left Milwaukee River, Lower Right Milwaukee City Hall

Flag    

Seal

City Logo

Nickname(s): Cream City, Brew City, Mil Town, The Mil, MKE, The City of Festivals, The Wauk, Deutsch-Athen (German Athens) ' '

Location of Milwaukee in

Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Milwaukee

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 43°03′8″N 87°57′21″W

Country          United States

State    Wisconsin

Counties          Milwaukee, Washington, Waukesha

Government

 - Mayor          Tom Barrett (D)

Area

 - City  96.9 sq mi (251.7 km2)

 - Land            96.1 sq mi (248.8 km2)

 - Water          0.9 sq mi (2.2 km2)

Elevation         617 ft (188 m)

Population (2009)

 - City  594,276

 - Density         6,296.3/sq mi (2,399.5/km2)

 - Metro           1,760,268

Time zone       CST (UTC-6)

 - Summer (DST)        CDT (UTC-5)

Area code(s)   414

FIPS code        55-53000[1]

GNIS feature ID         1577901[2]

Website           www.city.milwaukee.gov

Milwaukee (pronounced /mɪlˈwɔːkiː/); is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. Its estimated 2009 population was 605,014.[3] Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,739,497 as of 2007.[4] Milwaukee is also the regional center of the seven county Greater Milwaukee Area, with an estimated population of 2,014,032 as of 2008.[5]

The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French-Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, and in 1822 Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee.[6] Large numbers of German and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades.

Once known almost exclusively as a brewing and manufacturing powerhouse, Milwaukee's image has changed with the decline of industry in the region. In the past decade, major new additions to the city include the Milwaukee Riverwalk, the Midwest Airlines Center, Miller Park, an internationally renowned addition to the Milwaukee Art Museum, and Pier Wisconsin, as well as major renovations to the Milwaukee Auditorium. In addition, many new skyscrapers, condos, lofts and apartments have been constructed in neighborhoods on and near the lakefront and riverbanks.

Contents [hide]

1 History

1.1 German immigration

1.2 Polish immigrants

1.3 Other immigrant groups from Europe

1.4 African-American migration

1.4.1 Mexican-American Immigration

1.5 Socialism

1.6 Historic neighborhoods

2 Geography

2.1 Cityscape

2.2 Climate

3 Demographics

3.1 Population

3.2 Race and ethnicity

3.3 Religion

4 Education

4.1 Higher education

4.2 Primary and secondary education

5 Government and politics

6 Economy

6.1 Brewing

6.2 Manufacturing

6.3 Health care

6.4 Tourism

7 Crime

8 Culture

8.1 Museums

8.1.1 Art

8.1.2 Science and natural history

8.1.3 Social and cultural history

8.2 Arenas and performing arts

8.3 Public art and monuments

8.4 City of Festivals

8.5 Cuisine

8.6 Music

8.7 Municipal wireless

8.8 Parks and recreation

8.8.1 Parks and nature centers

8.8.2 Milwaukee County public markets

9 Sports

10 Transportation

10.1 Air

10.2 Train and bus

10.3 Highway

10.4 Water

10.5 Bicycle

11 Future transportation

11.1 Tram

11.2 High-speed train

12 Media

13 Sister cities

13.1 Cooperation

14 In popular culture

15 See also

16 References

17 External links

[edit]History

Main article: History of Milwaukee

Statue of Solomon Juneau, who helped establish the city of Milwaukee

The Milwaukee area was originally inhabited by the Menominee, Fox, Mascouten, Sauk, Potawatomi, Ojibwe (all Algic/Algonquian peoples) and Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) (a Siouan people) Native American tribes. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Alexis Laframboise, in 1785, coming from Michilimackinac (now in Michigan) settled a trading post; therefore, he is the first European descent resident of the Milwaukee region.[7] The word "Milwaukee" comes from an Algonquian word Millioke which means "Good/Beautiful/Pleasant Land",[8] Potawatomi language minwaking, or Ojibwe language ominowakiing, "Gathering place [by the water]".[9][10] Early explorers called the Milwaukee River and surrounding lands various names: Melleorki, Milwacky, Mahn-a-waukie, Milwarck, and Milwaucki. For many years, printed records gave the name as "Milwaukie". One story of Milwaukee's name says,

[O]ne day during the thirties of the last century [1800s] a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, and Milwaukee it has remained until this day.[9]

The spelling "Milwaukie" lives on in Milwaukie, Oregon, named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted.

Milwaukee was first settled by a French Canadian called Alexis Laframboise in 1785; it was only a trading post.[7] Therefore, Solomon Juneau was not the first to arrive in the area, in 1818. However, Juneau founded the town called Juneau's Side, or Juneautown, that began attracting more settlers. Byron Kilbourn was Juneau's equivalent on the west side of the Milwaukee River. In competition with Juneau, he established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River, and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side. This accounts for the large number of angled bridges that still exist in Milwaukee today. Further, Kilbourn distributed maps of the area which only showed Kilbourntown, implying Juneautown did not exist or that the east side of the river was uninhabited and thus undesirable. The third prominent builder was George H. Walker. He claimed land to the south of the Milwaukee River, along with Juneautown, where he built a log house in 1834. This area grew and became known as Walker's Point.

By the 1840s, the three towns had grown quite a bit, along with their rivalries. There were some intense battles between the towns, mainly Juneautown and Kilbourntown, which culminated with the Milwaukee Bridge War of 1845. Following the Bridge War, it was decided the best course of action was to officially unite the towns. So, on January 31, 1846, they combined to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee and elected Solomon Juneau as Milwaukee's first mayor.

[edit]German immigration

Drawing of Milwaukee in 1854

A great number of German immigrants increased the city's population during the 1840s and continued to migrate to the area during the following decades. Milwaukee has been called the "Deutsches Athen" (German Athens), and into the twentieth century had more German speakers and German-language newspapers than it had English speakers and English-language newspapers.[citation needed] The German heritage and influence in the Milwaukee area is widespread. As of 2010, the Greater Milwaukee phone book includes more than 40 pages of Schmitts or Schmidts, far more than the pages of Smiths.

During the middle and late 19th century, Wisconsin and the Milwaukee area became the final destination of many German immigrants fleeing the Revolution of 1848 in the various German states and in Austria. In Wisconsin they found the inexpensive land and the freedoms they sought. Over the next ten years over a million people left Germany and settled in the United States. Some were the intellectual leaders of this rebellion, but many were impoverished Germans who had lost confidence[citation needed] in their governments' ability to solve economic problems. Others left because they feared constant political turmoil in Germany. One prosperous innkeeper wrote after arriving in Wisconsin: "I would prefer the civilized, cultured, Germany to America if it were still in its former orderly condition, but as it has turned out recently, and with the threatening prospect for the future of religion and politics, I prefer America. Here I can live a more quiet, and undisturbed life."[citation needed] One journalist commented in the Houston Post that "Germany seems to have lost all of her foreign possessions with the exception of Milwaukee, St. Louis and Cincinnati."

Today, Milwaukee's German heritage carries on in many of its restaurants, neighborhoods, schools and churches. German language is taught at the German Immersion School starting with 4-year old kindergarten students. The school was founded by Milwaukee Public Schools in 1977 and serve as a city-wide school to attract children from all parts of Milwaukee with innovative total German language immersion program.[11]

[edit]Polish immigrants

St. Stanislaus Catholic Church, the mother church of all of Milwaukee's Polish parishes

Although the German presence in Milwaukee after the Civil War remained strong, other groups made their way to the city. Foremost among these were Polish immigrants. The Poles had many reasons for leaving their homeland, mainly poverty and political oppression by Germany (many immigrants came from the German part of Poland). Because Milwaukee offered the Polish immigrants an abundance of low-paying entry level jobs, it became one of the largest Polish settlements in the USA.

For many residents, Milwaukee's South Side is synonymous with the Polish community which settled here. The group's proud ethnicity maintained a high profile here for decades and it was not until the 1950s and 60s that the families began to disperse to the southern suburbs.

By 1850, there were seventy-five Poles in Milwaukee County and the US Census indicates that they had a variety of occupations: grocers, blacksmiths, tavernkeepers, coopers, butchers, broommakers, shoemakers, draymen, laborers, and farmers. Three distinct Polish communities evolved in Milwaukee, with the majority settling in the area south of Greenfield Avenue. Milwaukee County's Polish population of 30,000 in 1890 rose to 100,000 by 1915. Poles historically have had a strong national cultural and social identity, maintained through the Catholic Church. A view of Milwaukee's South Side skyline is replete with the steeples of the many churches these immigrants built, churches that are still vital centers of the community.

St. Stanislaus Catholic Church and the surrounding neighborhood was the center of Polish life in Milwaukee. St. Stanislaus was the first Polish church in urban America.[citation needed] As the Polish community surrounding St. Stanislaus continued to grow, Mitchell Street became known as the "Polish Grand Avenue". As Mitchell Street grew denser, the Polish population started moving south to the Lincoln Village neighborhood, home to the Basilica of St. Josaphat and Kosciuszko Park. Other Polish communities started on the east side of Milwaukee and Jones Island, a major commercial fishing center settled mostly by Poles from the Baltic Coast. Today, St. Stanislaus is staffed by the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest, which intends to restore the historic edifice.[citation needed]

There were about 30,000 Poles in Milwaukee by the late 1880s compared with over 50,000 Germans—a considerable number, placing the group in second place among the ethnic immigrant communities.[citation needed]

Milwaukee has the third largest Polish population in the U.S. at 157,485 (7.5), behind New York City 213,447 (2.7%) and Chicago 210,421 (7.3%).[citation needed] The city experienced a major increase in its Polish population during the last 10 years.[citation needed] The city holds America's largest celebration of Polish culture and cuisine at Polish Fest.

[edit]Other immigrant groups from Europe

In addition to the Germans and Poles, Milwaukee received large influxes of other European immigrants from Lithuania, Italy, Ireland, France, Russia, Bohemia and Sweden, which included Jews, Lutherans, and Catholics. Italians number in the city at around 40,000 but, in Milwaukee County they number at 110,000. The largest Italian American festival Festa Italiana is held in the city.[12] By 1910, Milwaukee shared the distinction with New York City of having the largest percentage of foreign-born residents in the United States.[13] Milwaukee has a strong Greek Orthodox Community, many of whom attend the Greek Orthodox Church on Milwaukee' northwest side, designed by Wisconsin born architect, Frank Lloyd Wright. Milwaukee also has a large Serbian population with Serbian restaurants and Serbian churches along with an American Serb Hall. The American Serb Hall in Milwaukee is known for its Friday fish fries and popular events. Many U.S. presidents have visited Milwaukee's Serb Hall in the past. The Bosnian population is growing in Milwaukee as well due to the recent migration after the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

[edit]African-American migration

During this time, a small community of African Americans who emigrated from the South formed a community that would come to be known as Bronzeville. As industry boomed, the African-American influence grew in Milwaukee.

[edit]Mexican-American Immigration

By 1925, there were around 9,000 Mexican Americans that lived in Milwaukee, but the Great Depression forced many of them to move back home. In the 1950s, the Hispanic community was beginning to emerge. They arrived for jobs, filling positions in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. During this time there were labor shortages due to the immigration laws that restricted Europeans from immigrating to the United States. Additionally, strikes contributed to the labor shortages. [14]

[edit]Socialism

During the first half of the twentieth century, Milwaukee was the hub of the Socialist movement in the United States. Milwaukee elected three overt Socialist Party mayors during this time: Emil Seidel (1910–1912), Daniel Hoan (1916–1940), and Frank Zeidler (1948–1960). It remains the largest city in the country to have done so. Often referred to as "Sewer Socialists", the Milwaukee Socialists were characterized by their practical approach to government and labor.

[edit]Historic neighborhoods

Main article: Neighborhoods of Milwaukee

The historic Third Ward

In 1892, Whitefish Bay, South Milwaukee, and Wauwatosa were incorporated. They were followed by Cudahy (1895), North Milwaukee (1897) and East Milwaukee, later known as Shorewood, in 1900. In the early 20th century West Allis (1902) and West Milwaukee (1906) were added, which completed the first generation of "inner-ring" suburbs.

In the 1920s Chicago gangster activity came north to Milwaukee during the Prohibition era. Al Capone, noted Chicago mobster, owned a home in the Milwaukee suburb Brookfield, where moonshine was made. The house still stands on a street named after Capone.[15]

With the large influx of immigrants, Milwaukee became one of the 15 largest cities in the nation, and by the mid-1960s, its population reached nearly 850,000. Starting in the late 1960s, unlike many cities in the "rust belt", Milwaukee's population continued to increase. Milwaukee escaped white flight, while every other major city experienced a decrease in population because of it.

In recent years the city has begun to make strides in improving its economy, neighborhoods, and image, resulting in the revitalization of neighborhoods such as the Historic Third Ward, Lincoln Village, the East Side, and more recently Walker's Point and Bay View, along with attracting new businesses to its downtown area. The city continues to plan for revitalization through various projects.

Milwaukee's rich European history is evident today. Largely through its efforts to preserve its history, in 2006 Milwaukee was named one of the "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.[16]

In 2010, the Census Bureau released revised population numbers for Milwaukee that showed the city gained population, growing by 1.3%, between 2000 and 2009. This was the first population increase the city of Milwaukee has seen since the 1960 census.

Historic Milwaukee walking tours provide a guided tour of Milwaukee's historic districts, including topics on Milwaukee's architectural heritage, its glass skywalk system, and the Milwaukee Riverwalk.