Dance
Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; women tend to learn it more often. Kuchipudi is the state's best-known classical dance form. The various dance forms that existed through the state's history are Bonalu, Dappu , Chenchu Bhagotham,Kuchipudi, Bhamakalapam, Burrakatha, Veeranatyam, Butta bommalu, Tappeta Gullu,Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, and Chindu. Jaanapadam theenmar is a popular folk dance.
Jayapa Senani was the first person to write about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh.[39] Both Desi and Margi forms of dances are included in his Sanskrit treatise Nrutya Ratnavali.
[edit]Festivals
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Just like in other parts of the country, many festivals are celebrated in Andhra Pradesh. However, certain festivals epitomize the culture of the state better and reflect its unique identity. These include Ugadi-which begins the Telugu New Year,Sankranthi-which is a harvest festival and Vijayadashami/Dasara.[40] Bonalu and Batukamma are celebrated with gusto especially in the Telangana region. Brief details of these and other festivals are provided below.
- Eid ul-Fitr celebrated according to Muslim Lunar Hijri Calendar
- Eid al-Adha celebrated according to Muslim Lunar Hijri Calendar
- Sankranthi celebrated for a period of four days in January
- Maha Shivaratri in February/March
- Holi in March
- Ugadi or the Telugu New Year in March/April
- Muharram celebrated according to Muslim Lunar Hijri Calendar
- Milad-un-Nabi celebrated according to Muslim Lunar Hijri Calendar
- Sri Rama Navami celebrated in March/April, nine days after Ugadi
- BonaluThe most famous festivalcelebrated in Telengana Region only in the month of July/August
- Nagula Chaviti in August
- Varalakshmi Vratham in August
- Rakhi poornima in August
- Vinayaka Chavithi in August/September
- Dasara in September/October
- Deepavali in October/November, 20 days after Dasara
- Batukamma celebrated for nine days during Durgastami (called as Navratri–Dasara in Telangana region)
[edit]Games
Main article: Traditional games of Andhra Pradesh
Outdoor games include HOCKEY, Cricket, Football, Kabaddi, Kho Kho, Gilli-danda, Gilli Kaama, Gooti Billa, Gujjana Goollu, Gotilu, lingosh, Kothi Kommachi, Nalugu Stambhalata, Nalugu Rallu Aata,Yedu penkula aata, Donga Police aata, Amma nanna aata( child game), Tokkudu Billa, Goleelu and Nela-Banda. The major outdoor game played is cricket. Indoor board games include Puli Joodam,Carroms, Ashta Chamma, Dahdi, Vamagunatalu, Vaikuntapali, Gavalu Aataa and Chintha Ginjallu Aataa. Achenagandlu, Ramudu Sita, star, ashtachamma are indoor games played by children and elders. Kodi Pandelu (Hen fight) is the most popular gambling game played in West godavari district on the occasion of Sankranthi festival which has a turnover of Crores of Rupees.
[edit]Literature
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Main article: Telugu literature
Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the great Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu. BommeraPothana is the poet who composed the classic SriMad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatham, authored by Veda Vyasa inSanskrit. Nannayya (c. 11th century AD), the earliest know Telugu author, was patronized by the king Rajaraja Narendra who ruled from Rajamahendravaram (now Rajahmundry). The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. The Telugu poet Vemana, a native of Kadapa, is notable for his philosophical poems. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam(1848–1919) is termed modern literature. Known as Gadya Tikkana, Satyavathi Charitam was the author Telugu-language social novel,Satyavathi Charitam. Jnanpith Award winners include Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana and Dr. C. Narayana Reddy. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.
Other modern writers include Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, the only person nominated from India for a Nobel prize in literature sinceRabindranath Tagore. The West Bengal Government conferred on him the title Rashtrendu ("Moon of the Nation"). Telugu University awarded him an honorary Doctorate in Literature in 1994. He received the Kalidas Samman award from the Madhya Pradhesh government, and he won the Central Sahitya Akademi fellowship in 1999.
Seshendra's first work in print appeared in 1952.[1] It is the translation of Matthew Arnold's Sohrab and Rustum, which is based upon the Persian Epic Shahnama. Initially he focused on poetry and occasionally worked on literary criticism. Seshendra's first collection of prose-poems Sesha Jyotsna. He composed it strictly conforming to Telugu prosody which was published in 1972 in Telugu and English. Its translations into Hindi and Urdu appeared separately. His magnum opus was Naa Desham, Naa Prajalu (My Country, My People, Meri Dharti, Mere Log). It led to his nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2004.
Shri Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu is one of the scholarly poets of Telugu literature. He wrote the books Sivatandavam and Panduranga Mahatyam.
Other notable writers from Andhra Pradesh include Srirangam Sreenivasarao, Gurram Jashuva, Chinnaya Suri, Viswanatha Satyanarayana.
[edit]Movies
Main article: Telugu Cinema
Andhra Pradesh has around 3,300 cinema halls. The state produces about 200 movies a year. It has around 40% (330 out of 930) of theDolby Digitaltheatres in India.[citation needed] It houses an IMAX theatre which was the biggest 3D IMAX screen in the world when it was built in 2007:[41] the Prasads IMAX. Tollywood produces the highest number of movies for a particular language in India per year.[42] It is also home to Ramoji Film City which is the world’s largest integrated film studio complex at over 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of land.[43]
[edit]Music
Main article: Music of Andhra Pradesh
Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Tyagaraja, Kshetrayya, Syama Sastri and Bhadrachala Ramadasu were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers like Ghantasala, M.S Subbalakshmi and Sri M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent.
The local film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.
Folk songs are popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.[44]
[edit]Religion
| Religion | Population | Total |
|---|---|---|
| hindu | 67,836,651 | 88.30% |
| muslim | 6,986,856 | 9.16% |
| Christian | 1,181,917 | 1.7% |
| Sikhs | 30,998 | 0.04% |
| Jains | 41,846 | 0.05% |
| Other religions | 131,739 | 0.17% |
Andhra Pradesh has a mixture of all religions with Hinduism followed by the majority in rural areas. Consequently, the state has many notable Hindu-pilgrimage places. Andhra Pradesh is home to Hindu saints of all castes. An important figure is Saint Yogi Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami. He was born in the Vishwabrahmin (goldsmith) caste and had Brahmin and Dalitdisciples.[45] Fisherman Raghu was a Shudra saint.[46] Saint Kakkayya was a chura (sweeper) Harijan saint.
Islam in Hyderabad, with historical patronizing by the rulers, has a strong Sufi influence, with various moments active in the last two decades. Hyderabad has also produced many renowned religious scholars of representing different Islamic sects and trends, including Abul Ala Maududi, Turab-ul-Haq Qadri, and Allamah Rasheed Turabi.[47]
Several important Hindu modern-day saints are from Andhra Pradesh. These include Nimbarka, who founded Dvaitadvaita; Mother Meera, who runs an ashram in Madanapalle; Sri Sathya Sai Baba, Sri Sivabala Yogi Maharaj who advocates religious unity in worship; Swami Sundara Chaitanyanandaji of the Aurobindo Mission; and Brahmarshi Subhash Patri, founder of the pyramid spiritual societies movement.
[edit]Pilgrimages and religious sites
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Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in the town of Tirumala in Chittoor district is a very important pilgrimage site for Hindus throughout India. It is the richest piligrimage city of any religious faith in the world.[48] Its main temple is dedicated to the god Venkateswara.
Simhachalam is another popular pilgrimage site of national importance located on a hill 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the Visakhapatnam city centre. Simhachalam is said to be the abode of the savior-god Narasimha, who rescued Prahlada from his abusive fatherHiranyakashipu. One of the most exquisitely sculpted shrines of Andhra Pradesh, it has a beautifully carved 16-pillared Natya mantapa and a 96-pillared Kalyana mantapa. The temple was built in 11th century by Kullotunga, a Chola Dynasty king. Engaged couples go to this temple as a ritual just before marriage. It is one of the most crowded temples of Andhra Pradesh.
Srisailam temple in Kurnool district is a very famous Shiva temple, and is one of the twelveJyotirlinga shrines. Lord Ramahimself installed the Sahasralinga, while the Pandavas lodged the Panchapandava lingas in the temple courtyard. The Skanda Purana, an ancient religious text, has a chapter called "Srisaila Kandam" dedicated to this temple, which points to its ancient origin. It is said that Adi Shankara (c. 788–821 CE) visited this temple at the time that he composed his Sivananda Lahiri. Srisailam is located in Kurnool district.
Bhadrachalam Temple is a temple to Lord Rama in the town of Bhadrachalam in Khammam district. It is situated on the banks of the river Godavari. This is the place where Kancherla Gopanna(1620–1680) wrote his devotional songs dedicated to lord Rama. It was believed that lord Rama spent some years on the banks of river Godavari here in Treta Yuga. Kancherla Gopanna raised the funds and constructed the temple during the reign of Tanisha in the 17th century. Sri Rama Navami, a celebration of the Marriage of Lord Rama and sita, is celebrated here every year. Government of Andhra Pradesh sends pearls for the event.
Kanaka Durga Temple is a temple to the goddess Durga situated on the Indrakeeladri Hill in the city of Vijayawada on the banks of Krishna River. Special pujas are performed duringDasara, also called Navratri. The most significant are Saraswati puja and Theppotsavam. The festival of Dasara for the Goddess Durga is celebrated there every year. A large number of pilgrims attend the colourful celebrations and take a holy dip in the Krishna River.
Other temples and pilgrimage sites in Andhra Pradesh include:
- Gnana Saraswati Temple, Basar is a temple to the goddess Saraswati, goddess of education. Basar is located inAdilabad district 50 kilometers from Nirmal.
- The Yaganti Caves and Mahanandi are pilgrimage centres in Kurnool District.
- The Birla Mandir, in Hyderabad.
- Ramappa Temple, constructed in 1213, is located 77 km from Warangal.
- Mecca Masjid in Hyderabad.
- There is a statue of Buddha that was erected in 1992 on the Hussain Sagar Lake in Hyderabad.
- Srikalahasti Temple is an ancient Shiva temple located on the banks of river Swarnamukhi in Chittoor district.
- Satyanarayana Swamy temple in Annavaram in East Godavari district.
- Vemulavada in Karimnagar district is another popular place of pilgrimage. It is best known for the Sri Raja Rajeshwara temple.
- Venkateswara Temple in Chinna Tirupathi(Dwaraka Tirumala) near to Tadepalligudem and Eluru.
- Pancharama Kshetras Temples constitute a significant cluster of five Saivite pilgrimage shrines in Andhra Pradesh namelyDraksharama, Amararama, Ksheerarama, Bhimarama,Somarama.
- Veerabhadra temple at Lepakshi in Ananthapur district.
[edit]Other cultural elements
| State language | Telugu (à°¤ెà°²ుà°—ు) |
| State symbol | Poorna kumbham (à°ªూà°°్ణకుంà°ం) |
| State song | Maa Telugu Thalliki (à°®ా à°¤ెà°²ుà°—ు తల్à°²ిà°•ి మల్à°²ె à°ªూà°¦ంà°¡) by Sri Sankarambadi Sundaraachari |
| State animal | Black Buck (à°•ృà°·్à°£ à°œింà°•) |
| State bird | Indian Roller (à°ªాà°² à°ªిà°Ÿ్à°Ÿ) |
| State tree | Neem (à°µేà°ª) |
| State sport | Kabaddi (à°šెà°¡ుà°—ుà°¡ు) |
| State dance | Kuchipudi (à°•ూà°šిà°ªూà°¡ి) |
| State flower | Water lily (à°•à°²ుà°µ à°ªుà°µ్à°µు) |
Bapu's paintings, Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao's Yenki Paatalu (Songs about a washerwoman called Yenki), mischievous Budugu (a character by Mullapudi), Annamayya's songs, Aavakaaya (a variant of mango pickle in which the kernel of mango is retained), Gongura (a chutney from Roselle plant), Atla Taddi (a seasonal festival predominantly for teenage girls), the banks of river Godavari, and the Dudu basavanna (the ceremonial ox decorated for door-to-door exhibition during the harvest festival Sankranthi) have long defined Telugu culture. The village of Durgiis known for stone craft, producing carvings of idols in soft stone that must be exhibited in the shade because they are prone to weathering.Kalamkari is an ancient textile art form dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Andhra Pradesh is famous for doll making. Dolls are made from wood, mud, dry grass, and lightweight metal alloys. Tirupathi is famous for redwood carvings. Kondapalli is famous for mud toys with rich colors. The village of Etikoppaka, located inVisakhapatnam district, produces lacquered toys. Nirmal paintings are expressive and are usually painted over a black background. Story telling in Andhra Pradesh is an art form in itself. Folk dances unique to Andhra Pradesh include Yaksha ganam, Burra katha (usually done by three people, telling stories using three different musical instruments), Jangama kathalu, Hari kathalu, Chekka bajana, Urumula natyam(usually done at festivals, where a group of people dance in circles with loud music), and Ghata natyam (performances done with earthen pots over one's head).
[edit]Education
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Andhra Pradesh is served by more than 20 institutes of higher education. All major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business, and veterinary science are offered, with first degrees and postgraduate awards available. Advanced research is conducted in all major areas.
Andhra Pradesh has 1,330 arts, science and commerce colleges; 1,000 MBA and MCAcolleges; 847 engineering colleges; 53 medical colleges, and one Indian Institute of Technology (in Hyderabad). The student to teacher ratio in higher education is 19:1. According to the 2001 census, Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 61.11% (as per Andhra pradesh Govt's official website). The male literacy rate is 70.3% and the female literacy rate is 67.4%.
Andhra Pradesh is the home to Osmania University, it is one of the oldest modern universities in India. It is one of the largest university systems in the subcontinent with over 300,000 students on its various campuses and affiliated colleges.[49] The Government of Andhra Pradesh has established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT)[50] in 2008 to cater to the educational needs of the gifted rural youth of Andhra Pradesh. The Institute specializes in teaching and research in Information Technology and other emerging disciplines under the control of a common university Governing Council and following a common syllabus.
The state has recently made strides in setting up several institutes. Andhra Pradesh is home to the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad,[51] Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad,[52] International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIIT-H),[53]National Institute of Technology NIT Warangal,[54] the Nalsar University of Law, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology(CCMB)Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology(IICT), Hyderabad, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (Hyderabad Campus), University of Hyderabad, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada and the Indian School of Business (ISB). The National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) and The Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition are also located in Hyderabad. AlsoGeorgia Institute of Technology,[55] is in the process of setting up their campus in Hyderabad.
Apart from this Andhra Pradesh was home to many more top class university's like English and Foreign Languages University, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,[56] Osmania University,[57] Andhra University,[58] Nagarjuna University,[59] Kakatiya University,[60] Sri Venkateswara University,[61] Sri Krishnadevaraya University,[62] Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University,[63] Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University,[64] and private engineering colleges like Vasavi College of Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology to serve their people across Andhra Pradesh.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has established the first University of Health Sciences, fulfilling the recommendations of several committees. The Andhra Pradesh University of Health Sciences was established by Act.No. 6 of the Andhra Pradesh legislature and was inaugurated in 1986 by the late Sri N.T. Rama Rao, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. After the death of its founder Sri N.T. Rama Rao the University was named after him as NTR University of Health Sciences, Andhra Pradesh.
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