Demographics
The population of Haryana, according to the 2001 census, is 21,144,000, with 11,364,000 males and 9,781,000 females. The population density is 477 people/km2. Haryana, along with neighboring Punjab, has a skewed sex ratio at 861, with many more men than women. Selective abortion of female fetuses has a very high provenance, reflecting a widespread preference for the male child.
Haryana's majority ethnic groups include the Jats, Ahirs and Sainis.[11][12][13][25]Other ethnic groups include the Kambojs, Gujjars, Meenas, Banias, Brahmins,Rajputs, Rors, Dalits, Meos and Punjabis.[25]
Hindus are majority in Haryana and are about 90% of the population, Sikhs 6.2%,Muslims 4.05% (mainly Meos) and Christians 0.10%.[25] Hindus make up about 18,655,925 of the population, Sikhs 1,170,662, Muslims1,222,196, Jains 57,167, Christians 27,185, and Buddhists 7,140.[26] Muslims are mainly in the Mewat district and Yamunanagardistrict, while Sikhs are mostly in the districts adjoining Punjab, Hisar, Sirsa, Jind, Fatehabad, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Ambala, andPanchkula. Agriculture and related industries have been the backbone of the local economy. These days the state is seeing a massive influx of immigrants from across the nation, primarily from Bihar, Bengal, Uttrakhand, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Nepal.
[edit]Government and politics
See also: Government of Haryana and Politics of Haryana
Politics of Haryana is mainly dominated by Jats.[27] Like in all other states of India, Haryana is governed through a governor, a largely ceremonial position who is appointed by the President of India. The Chief Minister is the head of the Haryana state government and is vested with most of the executive powers. Haryana’s legislature is unicameral; its one house, the Haryana Legislative Assembly, consists of 90 members. Haryana has five seats in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's national parliament, and ten in the Lok Sabha, the lower house. The largest political parties in Haryana are the Indian National Lok Dal, Haryana Janhit Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party[28] and Indian National Congress. The present political scenario of the state is clear and it has a stable government under Bhupinder Singh Hooda who is presently the Chief Minister of the state. During his presidency American president Jimmy Carter visited Carterpuri village in Gurgaon.[29]
[edit]Culture
See also: Culture of Haryana
Haryana has a rich cultural heritage that goes way back to the Vedic times. The state is rich in folklore with the oldest extant romance being that of Sorath and Dhaj, Ror Kumar.[30] The people of Haryana have their own traditions. The age old customs of meditation, Yoga and chanting ofVedic Mantras, are still observed by the masses. Famous yoga guru Swami Ramdev is fromMahendragarh in Haryana.[31] Seasonal and religious festivals glorify the culture of this region. Dance is said to be the mother of all arts. Music and poetry exist in tune, painting and architecture in space. Dance is not just a form of recreation but something needed to release physical and emotional energy. Haryana has a variety of folk dances, which like other creative art, help in sublimating the performer's worries and cares.
The people of Haryana have preserved their old religious and social traditions. They celebrate festivals with great enthusiasm and traditional fervor. Their culture and popular art are Saangs, dramas, ballads and songs in which they take great delight.
[edit]Languages
See also: Haryanavi
Haryanavi has traditionally been the dominant language spoken by the martial people of Haryana. Post-1947, Punjabi is also spoken by a lot of people in Haryana especially by those Hindus andSikhs who came over from Pakistan. Punjabi is second official language of Haryana.[32] Sanskritis also taught in most of the schools in Haryana. In towns and cities, English is still to be adopted as the household lingo, but is spoken in a hazy mixture of Haryanvi. Other language is Ahirwati, it is an Indo-Aryan language, classified as a Rajasthani language,[33] and is spoken in the Mahendragarh, Rewari and Gurgaon districts of Haryana. According to famous historian Robert Vane Russell Ahirwati is language of Yaduvanshi Ahirs and spoken in Rohtak and Gurgaon Districts of Punjab (now Haryana) and Delhi. This is akin to Mewati , one of the forms of Rajasthani or the language of Rajputana.[34] The most striking feature of Haryana is its language itself; or rather, the manner in which it is spoken. Popularly known as Haryanavi, with Bangaru or Jatu (language of Jats) being the most widely spoken dialect, it is perhaps a bit crude, but full of earthy humor and straightforwardness. With rapid urbanization, and due to Haryana's close proximity to Delhi, the cultural aspects are now taking a more modern hue.
[edit]Music
See also: Music of Haryana
Raagni are very famous in Haryana and it is a part of folk music in Haryana. Haryana has not been able to popularize its music to large scale like neighboring states like Punjab.
[edit]Economy
Main article: Economy of Haryana
The economy of Haryana relies on manufacturing, business process outsourcing, agriculture and retail. In 2006-07 Haryana received a foreign direct investment projects of over Rs 11,000 crore in the state and corporate sector and had a fiscal deficit of 0.6 per cent in financial year 2006-07.[35] Haryana also topped the list in terms of per capita investment in the fiscal year 2007 with an investment of Rs 1,86,045 crore.[36][37] Haryana is also considered one of the most industrilised states in India with many SEZs. New plans for Sezs are of Reliance Industrieswhich has plans to set up amulti-product special economic zone in Haryana.[38] At an investment of Rs 40,000 crore, the project will be India's largest SEZ spread over 25,000 acres (100 km2).[38][39] The state has a developed banking system with over 4500 bank branches. The two financial hubs of Haryana, Gurgaon and Faridabad lie on the south west of the state.
The contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors for the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2007-08 is Rs. 21,265.92 crore, Rs. 30,919.95 crore and Rs.49,133.55 crore respectively. Over 3% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Haryana.[citation needed]
[edit]Manufacturing
More than a thousand medium and large industries with a capital investment of Rs. 2000 billion or $ 40.4 billion have been established in the state in mainly Gurgaon, Yamunanagar, Panchkula,Panipat, Faridabad and Bahadurgarh. As a result, Haryana's share in national production is 50% of passenger cars, 50% of motorcycles, 30% of refrigerators, 25% of tractors, bicycles and sanitary ware, sugar and paper and 20% of the country's export of scientific instruments.[40]These include Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India Pvt. Ltd., Hindustan National Glass, Maruti Udyog Limited, Escorts, Hero Honda, Alcatel, Sony, BILT, Whirlpool India, Bharti Telecom,Liberty Shoes and Hindustan Machine Tools. In addition there are more than 80,000 small-scale industrial units in the state which cumulatively bring in a substantial income for the state and its people. Haryana has a large production of cars, motorcycles, tractors, sanitary ware, glass container industry, gas stoves and scientific instruments.
Yamunanagar district is the largest industrial town wholly within in Haryana. It has Asia's largest paper mill BILT and Asia's largest Sugar Mill. Yamunanagar has Asia's largest timber industry, an HPGCL thermal power plant, a hydro power plant and India's largest Railway workshop. It is also famous for its old steel and brass industry.
Faridabad is another big industrial part of Haryana.[41] It is home to hundreds of large scale companies like Orient Paper & Industries, JCB India Limited, Nirigemes, Agri Machinery Group (Escorts Limited), India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd., Whirlpool, ABB Group, Goodyear Tyres and Knorr Bremse India Pvt. Ltd. There are thousands of medium and small scale units as well, like Amrit Enterprises, McAma Industries.
Panipat is a city of textiles and carpets. It is the biggest centre for cheap blankets and carpets in India and has a handloom weaving industry. The pickle "Pachranga International" is also well known. Panipat also has heavy industry, with ASIA's SECOND BIGGEST refinery of the Indian Oil Corporation, a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant, National Fertilizers Limited plant, [INDIA"s Biggest Naptha Cracker Plant]and PROPOSED [STYRENE BUTADINE RUBBER PLANT]
Hissar is another big city where Jindal company has established. Jindal Steel now increasing their business and open new factory in other state also.
[edit]Service industries
Gurgaon is considered the best city for setting up a software or BPO centre in India.[42] This is according to a research on Offshore Competitiveness conducted by neoIT, an offshoring consultancy. Gurgaon, has seen emergence of an active information technology industry in the recent years. With organisations like Tata Consultancy Services, IBM, NIIT, Hewitt Associates, Dell, Convergys, United Healthcare and The Boston Consulting Group setting up back offices or contact centers in Gurgaon. Haryana now ranks 3rd among states in software exports from India.[40] Establishment of Nano City at Panchkula[43] a joint venture between the Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC) and Nano Works Developers Private Ltd, a company promoted by Sabeer Bhatia, the creator of Hotmail will further boost the state position in this sector.
[edit]Agriculture
Despite recent industrial development, Haryana is primarily an agricultural state. About 70% of residents are engaged in agricultureWheat and rice are the major crops. Haryana is self-sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains. The main crops of Haryana are wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, pulses, barley, maize, millet etc. There are two main types of crops in Haryana: Rabi and Kharif. The major Kharif crops of Haryana are rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, jute,sugarcane, sesame and groundnut. For these crops the ground is prepared in April and May and the seeds are sown at the commencement of rains in June. The crops are ready for harvesting by the beginning of November. The major Rabi crops are wheat,tobacco, pulses, linseed, rapeseed and mustard. The ground is prepared by the end of October or the beginning of November and the crops are harvested by March.
About 86% of the area is arable, and of that 96% is cultivated. About 75% of the area is irrigated, through tube wells and an extensive system of canals. Haryana contributed significantly to theGreen Revolution in India in the 1970s that made the country self-sufficient in food production. The state has also significantly contributed to the field of agricultural education in the country. Asia's biggest agricultural University[44] - Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University is located at Hisar and it has made a significant contribution in ushering in the 'Green Revolution' in the state.
Dairy farming is also an essential part of the rural economy. Haryana has a livestock population of 98.97 lakh.[44] Milk and milk products form an essential part of the local diet. There is the saying Desaan main des Haryana, jit doodh dahi ka khaana, which means "Best among all the countries in the world is Haryana, where the staple food is milk and yoghurt". Haryana, with 660 grams of availability of milk per capita per day, ranks at number two in the country as against the national average of 232 grams.[45][46] There is a vast network of milk societies that support the dairy industry. The National Dairy Research Institute[47] at Karnal is Asia's largest and oldest dairy, and the Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes at Hisar are instrumental in development of new breeds of cattle and propagation of these breeds through embryo transfer technology. The Murrahbreed of water buffalo from Haryana is world-famous for its milk production.
[edit]Roads, aviation and infrastructure
Haryana is a trend setter in the field of passenger transport. It has a total road length of 23,684 kilometers. The remotest parts of the state are linked with metaled roads. Its modern bus fleet of 3,864 buses covers a distance of 1.15 million Kilometers per day. It was the first State in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.[48] Grand Trunk Road, commonly abbreviated to GT Road, is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. It passes through the districts ofSonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way. The state government proposes to construct Express highways and free ways for speedier vehicular traffic. The 135.6-km longKundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP) will provide high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonepat, Jhajjar, Gurgaon and Faridabad. The work on the project has already started and is scheduled to be completed by July 2009.[49] Haryana is in close contact with the cosmopolitan world, being right next to Delhi. As a result, international and domestic airports, diplomatic and commercial complexes are located in close proximity to the state. Haryana and Delhi government has also constructed Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway which has the largest toll plaza in Asia and 3rd largest in the world. There is a proposal for a Badarpur Flyover and the widening of the Mathura Road passing thought Faridabad from 6 lane to 8 lanes. There is also a proposal to connect Chandigarh to Haryana without entering Punjab through a 4 lane highway viaYamunanagar and Panchkula.
Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important inputs for the development of the State. Haryana was the first State in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970, first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and first in the country to provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[40] Haryana is well connected on the railway network as well. The main railway routes passing through Haryana are: Amritsar - Delhi, Rewari - Ahmedabad, Bhiwani - Rohtak - Delhi, Ambala - Ferozepur, Delhi - Ferozepur, Kalka - Jodhpur, Kalka - Howrah, Amritsar - Howrah and Delhi - Kalka-Shimla
Two of the 16 airlines in India are based in Gurgaon which is just a few kilometers from the international airport in Delhi.
[edit]Communication and media
Haryana has a state-wide network of highly efficient telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own state-wide area network by which all government offices of 20 districts and 127 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country.[50][51][52] Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone Essar, Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. Important areas around Delhi are also an integral part of the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. This network system would easily cover major towns like Faridabad, Gurgaon, Bahadurgarh and Kundli. The major newspapers of Haryana are New Bright Star, Aaj Samaj, Dainik Tribune, Punjab Kesari, Jag Bani, Dainik Jagran, The Tribune, Amar Ujala, Hindustan Times,Dainik Bhaskar, The Times of India and Hari-Bhumi.
Keeping pace with time, Haryana has its first 24x7 online news and Info portal Haryana Live fully dedicated to news and information from all around the state.[53]
Government of Haryana has decided to provide plot areas in all four divisions for "Press Bhawan". Haryana Press Club has been authorised to build & operate those press bhawans, by Haryana government.
[edit]Administrative divisions
The state is divided into four divisions for administrative purpose - Ambala Division, Rohtak Division, Gurgaon Division and Hisar Division. There are 21 districts, 47 sub-divisions, 67 tehsils, 45 sub-tehsils and 116 blocks. Haryana has a total of 81 cities and towns and 6,759 villages.
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